Internet in India Essay

We live in an age of information. Today information is power. Those who have it are powerful and those who don’t have it are powerless. The rise of internet as a tool for information and information, in the last decades of the twentieth century has changed the power balances on this globe. The twenty first century has begun with the most populous countries on this world, India and China adopting the internet technology very fast. These two countries share almost 40% of the population on this globe, and the pattern in which they have adopted internet is surely leading them to become super powers in future. This essay discusses how internet has developed in India, what are the reasons behind this development and what could be the future implications of the current status of internet in India. The Beginning In the middle of 1980s, India had a young Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, who understood the importance of government policies favoring information technology. He managed to hire services of USA based Indian technocrat, Sam Pitroda, for improvement of the communication scene in India. The foundation stone for a revolution was laid then. While working on the telecommunication aspects, the government realized the fact that internet can be powerful democratizing force, offering greater economic, political, and social participation to communities that have traditionally been underserved- and helping developing nations meet their pressing needs. ( internet growth ). Subsequently, Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited (VSNL), the government agency responsible for telecommunications in India, launched the internet in the year 1995. It was perceived by the government of India that internet would be helpful in the following ways : 1. Open dialogue – The low cost networking would facilitate knowledge sharing, awareness of alternate perspectives and allow more open exchanges. 2. Improve governance – To raise the efficiency of the government by making it more transparent and enabling more public participation. 3. Improve social and human rights condition – Expand access to better quality education, health car, disaster relief capacity and other services. 4. Reduce poverty : Open new avenues and opportunities for income generation for the bypassed groups like women, rural people etc. 5. Introduce more economic opportunities – Through Ecommerce, and other applications of the internet, many new earning opportunities can be created. 6. Improve environmental management – through GIS, early warning systems and various other applications, the environment can be better managed. ( Internet growth) The government also rightfully perceived the emerging globalization phenomenon since 1980s. It was right in believing that if the nation had to survive in this scenario, giving information access to the public is a must, and behind internet, the facilities attached with it, like E-governance, E-Commerce and E-learning are also bound to come. For the first four years, VSNL had the monopoly to provide internet services and was the sole service provider. This monopoly was withdrawn in November 1998, and the field opened up for the private service providers. The terms were very liberal. There was no license fee and unlimited players were allowed to take part. Private ISPs were allowed to fix their own tariffs and set their own gateways also. The department of Telecom (DOT) has issued licenses to almost 100 ISPs in category ‘A’, which is for All India operations, and 220 each for category ‘B’ and ‘C’, which is for metros and state level circles, and medium and small cities, respectively. Out of these, about 184 ISPs have started their operations. ( Internet growth ). Government Initiatives The government of India has laid primary focus on development of internet in India. Some of the measures taken by it, to freely promote the use of internet are ; 1. Formulation of National telecom policy in 1999. Its target is to provide internet services to all district headquarters by 2002. 2. Provide license to private ISPs without any license fee up to October 2002. A token fee of Re. 1 ( 2 cents) per annum, to be levied from November 2003. 3. There is no restriction on the number of ISPs in all categories. 4. ISPs are given permission to set up international gateways by having business arrangement with Foreign Satellites Providers, and collaborators. 5. ISPs permitted to provide last mile access using radio and fiber optics. 6. ISPs also permitted to provide service through cable TV infrastructure /operators 7. Initiated an ambitious plan to develop National Internet Backbone (NIB). 8. Adopted the Information Technology act, a law recognizing electronic transactions and thus providing legal frame work for E-commerce in India 9. Internet telephony services opened up to private service providers from 1 April 2002 ( Internet growth ) Fats and figures The internet industry in India, can be described in the following table in a nut-shell: ISP licences issued Appx. 540 ISPs operational Appx. 185 Cities/towns covered Appx. 340 Internet subscribers Appx. 3. 3 million Cyber cafes/ public access kiosks Appx. 12000 In principle approval for setting up international gateways Appx. 45 ISPs Operational gateways by 8-9 ISPs 40 + Total estimated investment by ISPs Rs, 6000 crores Estimated investment in equipments By ISPs Rs. 2500 crores Estimated employment provided ( direct/ indirect ) 1. 1 lac ( Internet growth ) primary source : Internet services providers association of India. The Internet Growth in India During the initial years, when VSNL had a monopoly on this business, the growth rate was very slow, but no sooner private players were allowed, the growth in internet subscribers was substantial, as proved from the following table : Month/year subscriber base ( million ) August 1995 0. 01 March 1996 0. 05 March 1997 0.09 March 1998 0. 14 March 1999 0. 28 March 2000 0. 90 March 2001 3. 00 March 2002 3. 30 ( Internet Growth ) primary source : Internet services providers association of India Research results Some interesting results are also available from a research study conducted by Larry. Press, William Foster, Peter Wolcott and William McHenry, on the subject of comparison between the internet status in China and India. This paper was published in ‘ First Monday ‘, a Peer reviewed journal on the internet. The authors used a six dimensional framework which characterizes the state of internet in a nation. These are : 1. Pervasiveness : This parameter indicates the number of internet users per capita. 2. Geographic dispersion : This measure the concentration of internet within a nation from none or a single city to nationwide availability. 3. Organizational structure : This is a measure based on the state of the ISP industry and market conditions 4. Connectivity Infrastructure : This is based on domestic and international backbone bandwidth, exchange points and last mile access methods 5. Sectoral absorption – This is a measure of degree of internet utilization in education, business, health care and public sectors. These sectors are seen as key to development and were suggested by the United Nations Development Program. ( UNDP) Human development Index. 6. Sophistication of use – This measure ranks the usage from conventional to highly sophisticated and driving innovation. A conventional nation would be using Internet as substitute for other media like telephone and fax. Pervasiveness India needs to improve upon the following aspects to score more on the Interrnet pervasiveness factor. – With GDP per capita of $ 2358 and a dial-up tariff of $15. 75 per month for 30 hours usage, internet is still unaffordable to most of the Indian population. – With a tele density of 3. 6 in the year 2000, India ranks 145th on a global scale. This has to go up. – Electricity, personal computers and networking equipments are also expensive in India. There are estimated 6 million PCs in India. The equipment cost needs to come down. – Literary rate of India is rather poor at 52%. The secondary school enrollment rate is 39% and mean years of schooling for those who are 15 years and above is only 5. 1 % . Internet cannot spread unless the user is literate. – India has a large population which is very well conversed with English, which is the language mostly used in internet also. This works to India’s advantage. Geographic dispersion Reaching remote villages in the countryside is one of the major hindrance. Most of India’s population lives in villages. The huge investment required for Internet to become accessible from remote villages, is not justified. Low earth orbiting IP satellite technology may solve this problem in future, not only for India but many other developing nations also. Here Indian efforts are commendable. The ministry for Information technology has a working group on Information Technology for Masses that issued a report recommending about 56 actions in infrastructure and service, electronic governance, education and raising mass IT awareness in October 2000. Organizational infrastructure Largely due to a very complex political structure it is difficult to formulate and implement policies in India. The complexities are further enhanced by the law and judiciary system, government inefficiencies, and corruption. The organizational infra structure can be further improved upon, if these bottlenecks are removed. Connectivity infrastructure The key determinants to connectivity infrastructure are trade policy and other factors which encourage investment and the availability of skilled work force. India will see increase in trade as it implements its IT plans. India is also an early mover in software exports, which totaled to 8. 26 billion in 2001. The expatriate trained work force in Europe and United States is also playing a role in growth of internet in India. Most of them have formed joint ventures or set up subsidiaries, back home. This surely enhances the use of internet. Sectoral Absorption The schools and colleges of India have started using the internet on a wide scale, but there is considerable scope for improvement. E-governance and increase in trade will see increased use of internet in future, in India. The relative freedom of states in India is the determining factor here. In the health sector internet is hardly used. Sophistication of use Almost 70% of Indian population lives in villages. If Internet can improve rural education, health care, entertainment, news, economy etc. , the flow of people to the crowded cities can be diminished. India has several projects pursuing village connectivity, but there has not been widespread deployment. ( Press Larry, Foster William, Wolcott Peter & McHenry William ) The ISPs in India There are 183 ISPs in India in total. Out of these, those who have the All India license are as follows : ISPs having all-India licence include: BSNL CMC RPG Infotech Essel Shyam Communications Sify Siti Cable Network Gateway Systems (India) World Phone Internet Services VSNL Guj Info Petro Hughes Escorts Communications Astro India Networks Reliance Primus Telecommunications India ERNET India RailTel Corporation Data Infosys GTL Jumpp India L&T Finance HCL Infinet Primenet Global Tata Internet Services Tata Power Broadband Bharti Infotel Pacific Internet India In2Cable (India) Reliance Engineering Associates BG Broad India Swiftmail Communications Estel Communication Bharti Aquanet Trak Online Net India Spectra Net Reach Network India i2i Enterprise. Tata Teleservices (Maharashtra) Comsat Max Gujarat Narmada Valley Fertilizers Corporation HCL Comnet Systems and Services Harthway Cable ( Indiaonestop ) The role of BSNL in development of Internet in India Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, ( BSNL) the apex body which looks after the telecomm sector in India, was formed in 2000 as a public enterprise. It is India’s largest communication service provider and offers services throughout India, except New Delhi and Bombay. On March 31 2007, it had a customer base of 33. 7 million wirelines, 3. 6 million CDMA-WLL and 27. 5 GSM mobile subscribers. The credit of making Internet popular and affordable to the people of India goes to BSNL. It pioneered in offering the broadband services to its customers, at a unbelievably low rates, under its ‘home’ and ‘business plans’. The cheapest home plan is slated at Rs. 250/- for a usage of 1 GB. This is in sharp contrast to the expensive dial-up networking where the charge was time based, and used to be very high. These plans have become so popular in a short span of 2 years or so, that today, BSNL is the biggest ISP with a market share of about 50%. The Indian communications minister, Dayanidhi Maran, has declared the year 2007 as a ‘ year of broadband ’, and BSNL is targeting 5 million broadband connections by the end of the year 2007. BSNL has two major plans to be executed in the near future. One, to provide a speed of 2 Mb/sec on to all its broadband customers without any extra cost, and two, it is planning to upgrade its broadband services to triple play in 2007. Today, BSNL is India’s one of the largest PSU with a share capital of $ 3. 95 billion, and net worth of US $ 14. 32 billion. ( BSNL ) Most favored outsourcing hub – India The development of internet in India, has opened up many new venues. One of them is outsourcing of work to India. This trend started with outsourcing of medical transcription jobs, which later spread to database management, insurance and the financial sector. Today it has become an authentic hub which is most favored by all. India has got a new identity as a most favored nation for outsourcing. This would have never been possible, without the fast, affordable spread of the internet in India. Of course, India also benefits from its proficiency in English and the perfect time synchronization with the USA and UK. The work hours of USA are night hours in India and vice-versa. The work hours of UK synchronizes with 3 p. m. to 11 p. m. in India. Hence, a file can be sent at the end of the day from UK or USA, work on it is carried out when UK and USA sleep, and the processed file is back to them , when they start their work on the next day. Conclusion Internet is a modern day technological tool, which has considerable advantages. Development of Internet is related to increasing the number of people who can gain an access to it. It is a general assumption made by all, that if more and more people get an access to the Internet, the nation will automatically develop. All debates and research on this subject, is based on the number game. The basic question is : even if Internet is available to every one, will the development be automatic? It has to be borne in mind that Internet is a potentially dangerous tool also, capable of ruining lives, especially of youngsters, if not handled judiciously. Exactly this is happening in India. The government has only concentrated on the number game, taking it for granted that it will be used judiciously for betterment. So far, the only good internet has done is to fill the pockets of the players in this game and provide earning opportunities to a negligible percentage of the population. Any visible advantage to the nation, to the society or to the Indian culture is not witnessed at all. Another colossal mistake the government of India has made is, it has given importance to the IT sector, by bye passing other crucial areas like electric power, education, and health services. Including New Delhi, the capital India, compulsory daily power cuts are very regular !!! What to talk of other cities and the interiors? Hardly anything could be achieved, only by increasing the number of Internet users ! References 1. Internet growth, key learnings from India, Retrieved on 12 May 07 from: < http://www. internetpolicy. net/principles/021122india-lessons. pdf > 2. Press Larry, Foster William, Wolcott Peter & McHenry William, The Internet in India and China, First Monday, a Peer -reviewed journal on the internet, retrieved on 12 May 07 from : < http://www. firstmonday. org/issues/issue7_10/press/ > 3. Indiaonestop, retrieved on 12 May 07 from : < http://indiaonestop. com/ISPS. htm> 4. BSNL, wikipedia the free encyclopedia, 8 May 2007, retrieved on 12 May 07 from: < http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/BSNL>.

How English Language Has Brought Change to Urdu Language

As my group and I interviewed Amjad Islam Amjad we got to know several reasons for the changes that English has brought to the Urdu language over the period of time. The two I will be discussing are: * Differences in schooling. * Government role in making English as an official language. However these two reasons are interlinked. At sir Amjad’s time English was taught like a foreign language in schools, after the 5th or 6th grade and now it is taught since prep. In fact when a child is taken for an admission he/she is interviewed in English language and is expected to answer in English as well. Before people could easily and fluently interact in Urdu language and children could speak in Urdu without any code mixing and code switching. They had a command over their mother language but today translations into Urdu are even more difficult than English and are understood by even fewer people. Especially, children and young people find it easier to use English. The current generation believes that Urdu language brings orthodoxy and limits their scope and vision. To date, when a child enters the learning stage, he is taught words and things in English. Indeed parents try to use as much English vocabulary as they can so that their child learns and speaks the higher language of the society. Analysing the government’s part in bringing a change in the Urdu language, we see that it has played a vital role by declaring English as the official language. It should not be so; people have actually become confused about their mother language, first language and the second language. The Advisory Board of Education in its first meeting in 1948 had resolved that the mother tongue should be the medium of instruction at the primary stage. Also, a number of institutions were established or supported by the State to do basic work in Urdu: from coining new terms, to translations, to developing new tools and techniques to speed up its adoption as an official language. The Sharif Commission, formed in 1959, had recommended that both Urdu be used as a medium of instruction from Class VI onward and in this way, in about fifteen years, Urdu would reach a point of development where it would become the medium of instruction at the university level. The Commission clearly stated that until Urdu was ready to replace English, English should continue to be used for advanced study and research. Now, this statement served a purpose. It allowed confusion to take root in terms of how and when and by whom it would be determined that Urdu was ready to replace English. This was a convenient method of maintaining the status quo and English was given a fifteen-year lease. The 1973 Constitution of the Republic was propagated with Article 251 stating: (1) The National language of Pakistan is Urdu, and arrangements shall be made for its being used for official and other purposes within fifteen years from the commencing day. 2) Subject to clause (1), the English language may be used for official purposes until arrangements are made for its replacement by Urdu. The timing of the Constitution coincides with the lapse of the fifteen year lease given to English by the Sharif Commission and hence refreshes that lease for another fifteen years. The contradiction that emerged in Bhutto’s era was that on the one hand, he propagated a socialist ideology, nationalized industry and education, and stood for the rights of the po or. On the other hand, he did not make any effort to change the official language to include the poor in decision making. The elected governments of Benazir and Nawaz Sharif continued with parallel education systems and encouraged private sector English medium schools and higher educational institutions. One step that Benazir’s first government took was the introduction of English as a compulsory subject from Class I in all government schools on the plea that it would enhance opportunities for poor children. The implementation remained weak because there was no quality teaching available. In all parts of Pakistan, more public and private institutions are coming up and promoting the use of English. The recently held national education conference in Islamabad, attended by both the President and the Prime Minister, saw no single change in the government’s policy on language education and the medium of instruction. The primary issue is not the choice of a medium or various mediums of instruction. It is the language in which the affairs of the state are managed, legislation is drafted and decisions are made.

Thesis Customer Satisfaction

CHAPTER II Review of Related Literature This chapter presents the literature related to this study. This will be conducted with the assessment of related literature to show the relevance of the literature to the study. RELATED LITERATURE Customer satisfaction is the most fundamental requirement for being in business. Therefore, every organization should plan the right strategies for dealing with customers, communicating with them, providing pleasant services and retaining them forever with specially chosen customer contact employees, all leading to their delight.Since most of the quality problems arise due to misunderstood requirements, it is essential to take steps to correctly understand, both the stated and implied requirements of the customers. The organization should not only fulfill the contracted requirements, but also make it appoint to provide unanticipated additional services to delight the customers and retaining them forever. The most important point is that organizations should provide COMFORT to the customers while serving them. Thus, the business should be oriented towards satisfying customers. (Subburaj Ramasamy; TQM-Int’l Edition 2012)Customer satisfaction is the state of mind that customers have about a company when their expectations have been met or exceeded over the lifetime of the product or service. The achievement of customer satisfaction leads to company loyalty and product repurchase. Customer satisfaction measurement must be undertaken with an understanding of the gap between customer expectations and attribute performance perceptions. Clearly defining and understanding customer satisfaction can help any company identify opportunities for product and service innovation and serve as the basis for performance appraisal and reward systems. Kevin Cacioppo; Measuring and Managing Customer Satisfaction) Customer satisfaction has been a popular topic in marketing practice and academic research since Cardozo's (1965) initial study of c ustomer effort, expectations and satisfaction. Despite many attempts to measure and explain customer satisfaction, there still does not appear to be a consensus regarding its definition (Giese and Cote, 2000). Customer satisfaction is typically defined as a post consumption evaluative judgement concerning a specific product or service (Gundersen, Heide and Olsson, 1996).It is the result of an evaluative process that contrasts prepurchase expectations with perceptions of performance during and after the consumption experience (Oliver, 1980). The most widely accepted conceptualization of the customer satisfaction concept is the expectancy disconfirmation theory (Barsky, 1992; Oh and Parks, 1997; McQuitty, Finn and Wiley, 2000). The theory was developed by Oliver (1980), who proposed that satisfaction level is a result of the difference between expected and perceived performance. Satisfaction (positive disconfirmation) occurs when product or service is better than expected.On the other hand, a performance worse than expected results with dissatisfaction (negative disconfirmation). Studies show that customer satisfaction may have direct and indirect impact on business results. Anderson et al. (1994), Yeung et al. (2002), and Luo and Homburg (2007) concluded that customer satisfaction positively affects business profitability. The majority of studies have investigated the relationship with customer behaviour patterns (Soderlund, 1998; Kandampully and Suhartanto, 2000; Dimitriades, 2006; Olorunniwo et al. 2006; Chi and Qu, 2008; Faullant et al. , 2008). According to these findings, customer satisfaction increases customer loyalty, influences repurchase intentions and leads to positive word-of-mouth. Given the vital role of customer satisfaction, it is not surprising that a variety of research has been devoted to investigating the determinants of satisfaction (Churchill and Surprenant, 1982; Oliver, 1980; Barsky, 1995; Zeithaml and Bitner, 2003). Satisfaction can be determined by subjective (e. g. customer needs, emotions) and objective factors (e. . product and service features). Applying to the hospitality industry, there have been numerous studies that examine attributes that travellers may find important regarding customer satisfaction. Atkinson (1988) found out that cleanliness, security, value for money and courtesy of staff determine customer satisfaction. Knutson (1988) revealed that room cleanliness and comfort, convenience of location, prompt service, safety and security, and friendliness of employees are important. Barsky and Labagh (1992) stated that employee attitude, location nd rooms are likely to influence travellers' satisfaction. A study conducted by Akan (1995) showed that the main determinants of hotel guest satisfaction are the behaviour of employees, cleanliness and timeliness. Choi and Chu (2001) concluded that staff quality, room qualities and value are the top three hotel factors that determine travellers' satisfaction. Providing services those customers prefer is a starting point for providing customer satisfaction. A relatively easy way to determine what services customer prefers is simply to ask them.According to Gilbert and Horsnell (1998), and Su (2004), guest comment cards (GCCs) are most commonly used for determining hotel guest satisfaction. GCCs are usually distributed in hotel rooms, at the reception desk or in some other visible place. However, studies reveal that numerous hotel chains use guest satisfaction evaluating methods based on inadequate practices to make important and complex managerial decisions (Barsky, 1992; Barsky and Huxley, 1992; Jones and Ioannou, 1993, Gilbert and Horsnell, 1998; Su, 2004).The most commonly made faults can be divided into three main areas, namely, quality of the sample, design of the GCCs, and data collection and analysis (Gilbert and Horsnell, 1998). In order to improve the validity of hotel guest satisfaction measurement practice, Barsky and Huxley ( 1992) proposed a new sampling procedure that is a „quality sampleâ€Å". It reduces nonresponse bias by offering incentives for completing the questionnaires. The components of their questionnaire are based on disconfirmation paradigm and expectancy-value theory.In this manner, guests can indicate whether service was above or below their expectations and whether they considered a particular service important or not. Furthermore, Gilbert and Horsnell (1998) developed a list of criteria for GCC content analysis, which is adopted in this study as well. Schall (2003) discusses the issues of question clarity, scaling, validity, survey timing, question order and sample size. Customers’ requirements for satisfaction are difficult to comprehend. They have different preference when it comes to availing services from providers.Same with hospitality industry – for establishments like Bayleaf hotel of Intramuros there’s a lot of effort to make, creative thinking and strategy to stay in the competition. To be the only hotel in Intramuros, a great expectation among visitors is always present. Unless an organization evolves specific methods for measuring customer satisfaction and quantify the results, it may be difficult to say whether the customers are satisfied or not; whether customer satisfaction is improving or not it also vey essentials to measure customer satisfaction so as to stay ahead of competition.Each business unit has to conduct its business in such a way that it is able to achieve more customer satisfaction than its competitors at all times. Therefore, to face and win the competition, every organization should continue to improve their products and services and attain higher levels of customer satisfaction. Regarding on customer satisfaction, the following statement could indicate that the establishment has a lot of services to offer. Statement of the experienced customers will prove that Bayleaf Hotel can stand in a competition as a boutique hotel yet can provide 5-star experience to its valued customers.According to Dr. Deo Baraan the owner of the website (thegrandeurtraveler. com) â€Å"If you are looking for a new hotel that will show you Manila's rich history, lost magic and inimitable views, nothing would be more perfect than the Bayleaf Hotel. † In addition to what he says, â€Å"Everyone can now have a taste of an upscale accommodation in the heart of Manila's historic district†. When it comes to money issues, Vic Nair of Kuala Lumpur (tripadvisory. com) stated â€Å"Bayleaf is a great hotel with value for money.Excellent service from their young staff members. † Another statement that we got from redheelsinthecity (tripadvisory. com) â€Å"Manila, in general, is a busy, polluted and messy city. Finding a place like this is close to impossible. 9 spoons restaurant has the best food and ambiance. However what I love about the place is the Sky Deck View Bar. Especially on a cold nig ht, having a beer absolutely scratches your stress away. Not to mention you get even more amazed by the view around, very conducive for unwinding.The place can immensely cater a good service especially for occasions. Most of all, it stands in the heart of the old city called Intramuros, which I think is the best location in manila. Service of the staff and management is impeccably wonderful and impressive. â€Å" It is certainly not easy, at least to start with, to compute indices for customer satisfaction. It requires innovative people, a determined management and additional efforts by the organization for this purpose. This will pay for more than itself in the ultimate analysis.Therefore, the chief executive of the organization should be committed and persuasive in measuring customer satisfaction in the interest of the organization and provide resources for this task. A feedback or a complaint criticizing the organization should be taken as a blessing in disguise and in the right spirit. If there is no direct feedback or complaint, then the organization should look for other ways for finding out the same, since feedback is one of the most important triggers for improvement.If complaints are made, the organization should seriously make efforts to see that the complaints are result to the satisfaction of the customers. (Subburaj Ramasamy; 2012) According to Ms. Glenda G. one of the experienced customer of the Bayleaf Hotel â€Å"We booked ; paid the rooms 6 months ago ; requested a queen beds but we got 2 twin separate beds, it's also a terrible service at the roof top restaurant they're so slow in accommodating. We even said give us a wash cloth will clean the tables† Another experienced customer (tripadvisory. om) WWWorkes of Vilnius state that â€Å"All in all, this is a clean, comfortable hotel in a great location – but don't expect to be able to spend any amount of time relaxing in it – it has little to offer and generally doesn't m eet its potential† VIP on Bangkok also commented on the website regarding in his experience on the hotel – â€Å"I like its surrounding and location, but ventilation need improvement to get rid of damp smell in the room. Towels smell too strong chemical† Every complaint should lead to determine efforts by the organization to make improvements so as the result in non-reoccurrence of such complaints in the future.In short, the service provider should have a system to solicit feedbacks and complaints, deal with them dispassionately, rectify the defects immediately, compensate where not possible to rectify and analyze such mistakes to find out measures for their non- reoccurrence and implement the measures strictly. The above is also known as complaint recovery process. Every organization should have a well-defined process and procedure for getting feedback and receiving complaints from the customers and use every complaint as an instrument for improvements. SYNTHESI SChapter 2 is about the review of related literature; it is about the purpose of the review to analyze critically a segment of a published book of knowledge through summary, classification and comparison of prior research studies, reviews of literature, and theoretical articles. We have the foreign and local literature. In foreign literature we based on the research book. What we had is the article of Subburaj Ramasamy, Kevin Cacioppo, Cardozo's (1965), Giese and Cote, (2000), Gundersen, Heide and Olsson, (1996), Oliver, (1980), Anderson et al. (1994), Yeung et al. 2002), and Luo and Homburg (2007), Barsky, 1992; Oh and Parks, 1997; McQuitty, Finn and Wiley, 2000, Soderlund, 1998; Kandampully and Suhartanto, 2000; Dimitriades, 2006; Olorunniwo et al. , 2006; Chi and Qu, 2008; Faullant et al. , 2008, Churchill and Surprenant, 1982; Oliver, 1980; Barsky, 1995; Zeithaml and Bitner, 2003), Atkinson (1988), Knutson (1988), Barsky and Labagh (1992), Akan (1995), Choi and Chu (2001),Gilber t and Horsnell (1998), and Su (2004), and those books associates some knowledge and ideas regarding customer satisfaction and hospitality industry.For instance we also got statements from foreign customers who had an experience in staying at Bayleaf Hotel namely; Redheelsinthecity, WWWorkers, and VIP on Bangkok. For local literature we have Ms. Glenda G. and Dr. Deo Baraan, who experienced Bayleaf Hotel as well. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to analyze critically a segment of a published body of knowledge through these articles. INPUT: Bayleaf Hotel, Intramuros as the focus of the study and as a new hotel caters to satisfy tourists within and outside Intramuros.CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK PROCESS: * Surveying through questionaires * Interview OUTPUT: Determine the level of customer satisfaction in Bayleaf Hotel and competitiveness of the establishment. The conceptual framework above shows that the input in Bayleaf Hotel, Intramuros as the focus of the study and as a new hotel ca ters to satisfy tourists within and outside Intramuros. The process of the study is done by giving survey through questionnaire and conducting interview to determine the level of customer satisfaction and competitiveness of Bayleaf Hotel.

Vinke Air Freight Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Vinke Air Freight - Essay Example Vinke currently serves large- and mid-sized companies who occasionally need to ship parts to meet emergency needs. The present client base certainly must value the fact that their large packages can be delivered to an airport and Vinke will transport the parts as well as arrange final delivery. In an emergency, industrial delivery scenario, Vinke's personal attention to clients is a major benefit. In the overnight letter and small package market, however, customers are not seeking the specialized attention that has built the company's current market. They are more interested in having their letters picked up at their location and timely delivered to the intended destination. Neither are they faced with the issues of industrial shipping. These customers are consumers for whom overnight delivery has become ubiquitous. They don't need specialized personal care nor are they constrained by the logistics involved in moving large manufacturing parts to meet emergency timeframes; they simply want their letters to be picked up and delivered on time. In considering the organizational changes required by the proposed entry into the new market, and the competition already in place there, the task could prove daunting. Vinke's current client base is industrial or manufacturing companies. These organizations can be serviced from the airport to destination. For overnight letters and small packages, the company will not be able to expect its customers to drive to their airport; Vinke will need to implement a pick-up service. They won't be competing for a relatively small pool of clients; they will be forced to serve the general public. This will require extraordinary organizational changes. Further, rather than the occasional and urgent nature of delivering large industrial parts that easily fill up planes with just a few orders, the new market demands will centre upon frequent handling of routine letters and small packages. Planes will either have to be full of packages from a high volume of shippers or fly partially empty to meet de livery requirements. The likely costs associated with this operational change will be quite large and potentially threatening to operating capital. Finally, competition in this market is fierce. One need only visit the web site of a major potential competitor to see the complex bundle of service divisions required to fulfil demand in this market (FedEx, 1). The organizational changes required to effectively compete in this market are overwhelming. The criteria necessary for evaluating the proposed venture are found in a standard Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats (SWOT) analysis model. The critical issues for Vinke are clearly outlined in this matrix. Unable to utilize their key strength, personalized customer service, the company is overwhelmed by the weakness of its limited operation scope and mass-customer service incapability. Any potential opportunity that might be presented through the use of its current equipment and facilities is immediately and obviously threatened by the strength of the competition already in place. There may be growth potential in the overnight delivery of small packages market, as management

Marketing for financial Services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing for financial Services - Essay Example She presented the reference of Dr. Hassan who had also taken a commercial loan and had successfully paid it off. The customer had already informed the Credit officer of her inability to provide any collateral for which she gave the reference to compensate the collateral. Now after two weeks of filing the application, the bank has rejected her loan on the premise that she cannot provide collateral and this thing was also not mentioned to her earlier in the meetings. The customer is angrier of the fact that the bank made her wait for one more week in telling their insufficiency for providing the loan. They could have told it on the very day itself when she had informed them of this thing. However, they delayed the process which resulted in customer not being able to apply to other banks and wasting her time. The consequences of this situation get translated in dual ways as there are two customers involved in this service encounter- first is the lady herself who has applied for the loan and second is Dr. Hassan who is an existing customer of the bank. The lady is a new customer for the bank and came to them on the reference of Dr. Hassan as she was unable to provide any collateral. Definitely Dr. Hassan had been positive and confident towards the bank services and professionalism for which he introduced her to the bank. However, the bank not only failed in providing timely and detailed information, but also made a negative impression on a new customer which will definitely result in a loss. From Dr. Hassan’s perspective, he spread positive word of mouth for the bank and brought a new customer for the bank but the bank did not recognize this opportunity and failed to acknowledge the interest and goodwill of Dr. Hassan. After this service encounter failure, Dr. Hassan might not feel encouraged to promote or introduce the bank services to any other relative or friend of his. Thus, the bank fails in maintaining relationship with its existing customer also

Comparison between training day and adjustment buerau Essay

Comparison between training day and adjustment buerau - Essay Example Crime refers to an unlawful activity that is done in law violation, where moral inclusiveness is used in ensuring criminal justice. Criminal justice system is a composition of a group of professionals, who exercise power and authority bestowed to them over other parties, to use force and physical coercion against them. Application of ethical values in rational decisions made in the criminal justice is also critical so that right decisions are made after serious critical thinking is employed to address the important issues of ethics, and the code of conduct within the law (Ethics in Criminal Justice Administration, 2012). When ethical values are effectively applied or incorporated when making serious and critical decisions, the decisions made are bound to be correct and very appropriate to the situation under consideration. Ethics are very critical when making critical decisions, because they help in guiding the decision which in most cases, if not well guided, may be wrong or inappro priate. Each field has its own ethics to be followed, though there are various ethical standards which are common in almost all the disciplines or which are universal. These universal standards of ethics or ethical standards guide a lot in decision making. In criminal justice just like any other field, proper decisions are critical because they aid in facilitating success. Adjustment bureau and the training day film critically analyzing the various issues of the ethics, crime and criminal justice where various decisions are made by significant actors in the movie. Here, the adjustment bureau does everything to stop David and Elise from being together using their considerable power. David in the destiny of all manners of fate is presented with a scenario where he has to do all that he can to ensure that he fulfills his desires regardless of the adjustment bureau (School of Criminal Justice, 2008). David as depicted in this scenarios is a go getter, who won’t let anything stop him from achieving what he wants or intents to achieve in life. His determination to achieve is clearly demonstatated in this scenario where he works so hard to ensure that none of his desires go unsatisfied in the end. The kind of determination exhibited here by this character is overwhelming, and is of great encouragement to those people who easily give up before achieving their targets or before satisfying their desires. In the idea of criminal justice, The Adjustment Bureau and The Training Day present the process of claims that dramatizations in media are so often misrepresent, and distort concepts of criminal justice. They also present the various legal systems leveled in various fictional bureau, such as the police officers implementing criminal justice in the movies, Adjusting Bureau and Training Day. In understanding all the connections in terms of decision making and critical and rational decision making, it’s very critical for one to be very considerate. According to the film and the instruments of criminal justice in line with ethical codes of conduct, the following discussion exemplifies the issues ironed out (United NationsOffice on Drugs and Crime, 2009). Justifying beliefs and decisions In validating the ways of life and decisions made in the criminal justice system, explaining what such decisions and who

Greenomics Marketing Strategy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Greenomics Marketing Strategy - Research Paper Example According to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that Greenomics has a strategic plan of becoming a successful business that is strongly expressed in its mission statement, financial and non-financial goals and its competitive advantage. The mission statement is to achieve luxurious interior designing the greenway, and the financial objectives are to break even in the first three months and to increase sales by twenty percent after every three months. The marketing programs will support this strategic plan and other key features like company uniqueness, adjusting to market conditions, trends and changes in the following ways: - Making it possible to achieve break-even position in less than three months through effective pricing and financing strategies; - Providing chances to develop eco-chic offices and stores that are fashionable, high performing, luxurious, reliable, not over-priced and eco-friendly;Â   - Strict management of the brand; Greenomics through strict adh erence to price and quality issues; - Creating awareness concerning how the environment is being destroyed and how it is encouraging global warming; - Carrying out effective consumer analysis programs with an emphasis on customers who have an interest in saving money on the power bill in the long run.

Managing People for a Competitive Advantage Assignment

Managing People for a Competitive Advantage - Assignment Example I didn't get any experience with the HR before but I can say that our sponsorship does not have any idea about how to deal with us and they put lots of rules every day and every successive rule complements the preceding one. It was a negative experience because we do not know what they need from us and they don't know how to control our study. They frequently make and change the rules. They make us have a contract with them after we study when they do not have a specific point to us or to what we would do after graduation. Normally, a business entrepreneur maintains a separate human resource department in the company to take care of the needs of the workforce, wherein, the HR Manager assumes the prime responsibility. In companies which do not have separate human resource departments, the General Manager also plays the role of HR Manager in addition to his/her main responsibilities as a GM. I have not elected to take this course because it was the requirement for my graduation. The true reason for electing to take this course is that it is very important for me as it provides me with an opportunity to learn how to deal with others and motivate others to deliver their best in work. After taking this course, I expect to become a better manager in general and a better HR Manager in particular. One of the most essential skills one needs to be successful is the social skills; the way one deals with others. This course will teach me the necessary skills and tactics to have best relations with people, so that I may be able to get the best out of them as a leader. I shall contribute to the class learning by sharing my thoughts, opinions, as well as personal experiences with the class related to various topics that we study along the way. I shall also do research at an individual level and share any useful documents that I find with the class to promote learning. One thing that I have learned in the past which I think is most valuable in regard to human  resource management is that one should listen to all but do whatever one deems right oneself.

Does happiness change after life events Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Does happiness change after life events - Essay Example Instead of focusing on the aspects of subjectivity and objectivity, which leads researchers to distinguishing a few non-reducible features which are thought to contribute to the characteristic quality of life, one should first explore the ambiguity of the very notion of quality of human life. This is based on understanding that when people speak of the human life quality, they are most likely to have different things in their minds. The main idea of the article by Richard Lucas â€Å"Adaptation and the Set-Point Model of Subjective Well-Being: Does Happiness Change after Major Life Events?† is that despite the fact that happiness levels are quite stable over time, their stability does not actually preclude important and lasting changes (Lucas, 2007). Analysis of the evidence presented by authoritative longitudinal studies disproves the widely accepted belief that having experienced important life events, individuals typically adapt. It also disproves the point raised by set-po int theorists that due to impact of inborn personality factors, people inevitably get back to happiness set points which are genetically determined. While adaptation certainly occurs, levels of happiness undergo changes, and, finally, it is vital to bear in mind that life events have their own significance. Comparison of the two articles allows identifying a range of similarities between the two studies. First of all, their central theme is happiness. While Griffin (2007) focuses on the essence of the concept of happiness as the object of the research, Lucas (2007) centers on how happiness depends on major life events and studies patterns of happiness presented within individuals’ adaptation and the set-point model of individual well-being. The theoretical background is different, however. Specifically, Lucas (2007) study of happiness patterns relies heavily on the theory of adaptation. It says that people benefit from adaptation processes because the latter protect them from hazardous psychological and physiological outcomes of lengthy emotional states. On the other hand, owing to adaptation processes people may get distracted by new changes in the environment which will refocus them from the old threats within their emotional condition. It helps individuals to overcome difficulties and get happier under certain life circumstances. At the same time, people adapt to such factors as income, health, age, marital status, as well as number friends; so these, with time, have only a small impact on their happiness rates. Besides, the theory of adaptation posits that certain variables that account for people’s happiness, for example, a well-being variable, are hereditary. It means that people may not be severely affected by life events. Some scientists have come to conclusions that happiness was the matter of adaptation (comparison of two research groups – lottery winners and those with spinal cord injury – did not find any significant dif ferences in the levels of happiness, which was attributed to adaptation). On the other hand, their colleagues found that the levels of happiness were three quarters lower in people with spinal cord injury. On the contrary, Griffin (2007) relies on a range of models to investigate the meaning of the concept happiness. Namely, he uses the perception model, objective/subjective juxtaposition, and the test model. The studies are similar in their research

Creating my own religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Creating my own religion - Essay Example All these faiths teach people how to believe in themselves and understand the true meaning of one’s existence on this planet. However, a person can always wonder, what is it like to create one’s own religion? This question comes in because of the idea that all the religions that people do follow today, have been set down and created by people who wanted to help others comprehend the meaning of living and the art of existence. This paper helps to provide an insight regarding how an individual might take to creating a religion of their own, as well as the kind of personal theological beliefs that I possess with respect to a religion of my own. Religion is the base of a cultural system that a human being follows and this very faith helps to provide him with a sense of assurance and security and helps to provide a meaning to his or her life. Religions help a man to soul search and understand the purpose of his own existence. They may consist of symbols of worship, doctrines and scriptures that consist of wisdom and regulations, as well as morality and ethics with respect to the law of nature and survival. If one thinks about it, many years ago, there was someone who thought about the kind of philosophy that a man must follow his life by and helped to gather followers with the help of a story that consisted of faith in the supernatural; human beings gain assurance by knowing that there is a higher power that exists somewhere in the universe so that whenever something goes wrong, they will be able to have someone to answer to, or have someone who is accountable to them for doing something or carrying out a specific action. Religion thus forms the base of a man’s faith and thinking and helps him to understand the meaning of life and all its subsidiaries. On a basic grass root level, it is easy for a person to ‘form’ a religion. All one has to do is to understand the

Environment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Environment - Research Paper Example The people hunted animals, fished, herded cattle, and grew food. Hence, nature enabled Man’s survival. Modern years have witnessed an increasingly great divide between nature and mankind in part due to a rational development of language that seems to have made its indigenous roots indistinguishable. So the transformation in our relationship with nature throughout history is marked by a development in newer modes of communication and expression. As mankind made its progress towards civilization, he distanced himself from his primitive roots that sought everything from nature. And they developed language so much to erase its historical roots in the natural context. Hence, although language traces its origination from animism, it cannot be returned to its original form because human developments over the years have contributed to changes that cannot be reverted back to basic pictorial communication. Philosophers have sought to explain the downfall of nature and the human being’s alienation of ecological world around us. Starting from Greek thinkers till the present times, philosophers have attempted to find the reasons for Man’s isolation is his links with nature. It is thought that Man’s changing ideas regarding the world including his emphasis on non-sensorial realm resulted in society’s mistrust of sensory experience thus increasing the distance between Man and nature. The gap between Man and nature is considered to have caused by the mental landscape and context that was created by civilizations in order to harbor the separation of Man from nature. Two of the oldest civilizations that led towards separation are the Hebrew and the Greek civilizations. The Hebrew civilization, according to Abram, planted the seeds of spirituality and religiosity as a dominant concept over nature (95). The Greek civilization on the other hand promoted ideas and phil osophy thereby raising the divide that eventually led to the estrangement

Family Traditions Essay Example for Free

Family Traditions Essay How does The Keeping Quilt help you understand traditions and what they mean to families? The Keeping Quilt by Patricia Polacco shows how immigrants came to a new country and passed down traditions to their family overtime. It also shows how traditions are integrated with other cultures to create a new culture. The Keeping Quilt demonstrates how historical and cultural traditions, teaching children social themes through children literature in the classroom can effectively increase cultural values in children’s social skills in reality. In reading the story The Keeping Quilt the author Patricia Polacco reflects on when her great grandma Anna came to America from Russia were grandma came to with only her old dress a babushka and old coat. Grandma later decides to use the old coat and pieces of other family members clothing to make a quilt. â€Å" We will make a quilt to help us always remember home† Anna’s mother said. † It will be like having the family in back home Russia dance around us at night. †(4). Here, the quilt was a significant symbol to the family to always remember their native land. It was used for the birth of family members to the family and used as huppa in weddings. Later the quilt was even used as a tablecloth and covering for caskets at funerals. The quilt became a symbol of the love and family values. The story The Keeping Quilt demonstrates to readers how some traditions and customs from our ancestors are embedded within individuals. These traditions help shape and influence our ideas values and beliefs. However in reading the story The Keeping Quilt it emphasizes some characterics of the historical values in the black African American cultures as to the movie or novel Roots by Alex Haley whereas the family kept their traditional heritage alive with jumping the broom as a symbolic union in marriage during their struggles through slavery. Another example is Escaping slavery: Sweet Clara and the freedom quilt by Sue Ann Miller, were a slave girl, Clara goes on her journey to freedom using the quilt as her symbolic inspiration from slavery. These stories and The Keeping Quilt shows readers how tradition customs individuals inherit from their ancestors used to remind them of their heritage such as the quilt was significant because it served as a piece of history passed down through generation to generation. Although Grandma Anna migrated from Russia she did not abandon her homeland once arriving in America, instead she tried to capture the memories by creating a quilt from different family members clothing each scrap of a family member clothing told a story. In creating the quilt grandma Anna kept her family history alive because it represented every significant moment in the family’s life. The Keeping Quilt also shows how cultures when migrating to a new country bring their own traditions and values. â€Å"Carle was given a gift gold, flower, salt, and bread to welcome her into the world each having a symbolic meaning. Whereas the gold represented she will never know poverty, a flower so she would always know love, salt so life would give her flavor, and bread so that she would never know hunger. However the story also shows how cultures bring their own traditions from their homeland they also create new traditions. Patricia Polacco stated† at my wedding men and women danced together, whereas in the pass they were not allowed to dance together (10). Although some traditions had changed in The Keeping Quilt overtime, the quilt remained an important tool used to connect the families past to the present. It also served as something used to preserve traditions the author Patricia Polacco states â€Å" I too will be a grandmother, and tell the story of The Keeping Quilt to my grandbabies†. 32) In addition, The Keeping Quilt is great example to express it is important to pass the torch of family traditions, this imparts a sense of continuity, bonding and more importantly love. It is incumbent on each generation of parents to keep the family tradition up and running. Family traditions are valuable instruments for child rearing because they install social values and contribute to creating close family ties. Whereas quality family time can help to build and maintain strong family ties sharing is the key ingredient for creating quality moments. On the other hand traditions make sharing easy for offering a common ground of knowledge and experiences. Teaching the new generation to honor the old family traditions through the years can help preserve encouraged interaction through shared activities. Many of most meaningful traditional activities revolve around food, with families gatherings eat and celebrate different events or holidays. In telling her story Patricia Polacco says that she come from past of storytellers, quoting† My fondest memories are sitting around a stove or open fire, eating apples and popping corn, while listening to the old ones tell glorious stories about their homeland and past. † In celebrating, traditions are highly important to welfare of many diverse families were Jews celebrate Passover and Hanukah, African Americans enjoy Kwanzaa, christens honor the birth of Jesus Christ at Christmas, but all giving thanks on Thanksgivings and etc. Traditions help people feel a sense of identity and belonging from a generational perspective, family traditions are practices or belief, they also pave the way for the good times and good memories. They create a connectedness with the past and hope for the future. This book is well integrated into History and Social Studies the study of families ethic religious, occupational and so forth. In reading this book illustration The Keeping Quilt emphasizes the family value and encourages children that valuable tools of family traditions ensure them with warmth and closeness family bondage now.

Poems By Ann Bradstreet And Edward Taylor

Poems By Ann Bradstreet And Edward Taylor Ann Dudley Bradley was an American writer who was born in the year 1612 and lived for 60 years and died in 1672. Among her many works that she wrote included the poem titled The Prologue. She is best remembered as the first American poet to be published during colonisation of America. Edward Taylor was born in Sketchley, Leicestershire, England in 1642 and he lived for 87 years till in 1729. He too was an American poet during the colonisation of America. A Pastor and a Physician, one of his poems published was titled Prologue. The prologue by Ann has eight stanzas and each stanza has six lines, the stanzas of the poem have been arranged in a simple and clear manner; while in comparison with the prologue by Edward, written in 1939 from Preparatory Meditation has five stanzas and six lines. The first and the third line of every stanza have been indented left. Ann Bradley in her poem in the first stanza seems to despise the tendency to praise and adore war, captains and the kings and th eir cities and wealth that are as a resultant of war. She seems not to be able to compel herself into taking her pen and paper and praise them. (For my mean pen are too superior things). To her, it is the duty of poets and historians to set the facts straight. In her poem there is a thin line between the facts of history and the illusions of the kings and captains plus their wealth: and there worth will not be deemed by her writing. The perception of Ann and the emotions of her heart seem to look down about the colonisers good way of life (great bartas sugared lines) and she feels saddened about the state of her fellow Americans in the middle of plenty. In the Prologue by Edward Taylor, the poet seems to ask God a rhetoric question, that its very obvious like a clear sky that the dust that is on the earth (men) can not outweigh the totality of the grand mountains (superiority of God) on the earth caused its not their design nor show that can befit the grandeur of the divinity. To hi m he is self-agreeing that being handed a moistures pen (pen that is ready to be written with) will guide him in giving a wonderful praise to the lord. In the second stanza, he glorifies a pen that has been expectedly made for writing using a super refined ink that can even write on the most unlikely surface (in crystal leaves) where it can write ferociously till the writer stops. Both writers seem to praise the art of writing in bringing out their perception and in glorifying heavenly and in seeking self worth. (2nd stanza for Edward and the fifth and the sixth line of the first stanza for Ann.) In the fourth to the sixth stanzas, Ann Bradley states that they do not expect, any expressive language (rhetoric) from the school boys nor music (sweet consort) from old musical equipments (broken strings) nor a beauty that dance to their tune and so her thoughts also sings out but all this is in vain as whatever the issue at hand, it is not reversible as cause nature made it so. These has made her to dislike the Greek who through art discovered that there desires can be partly fulfilled by art to a certain extent , but at the end of the day an injured brain does not accept therapy.( the fifth stanza). The poet is intolerable to every nagging tongue that prejudices her hand that writes and scorns at her work just because of the superiority of her works and because sh e is female. This brings about the theme of gender bias and inequality through her works (Who says my hand a needle better fits.)and its her duty to prove them wrong through her works ( a poets pen all scorn) even though proving them wrong through her works will lead them to stating that her works and intelligence are not original but its plagiarized( last two sentence of the sixth stanza) Edward Taylor, in the third to the fifth and the last stanza refers himself to be the crump of dust that is so low in the society and its only through his pen that he can bring himself to the level of the praise and high life like the mountains and these he is to do through praising of the Lord through written poems written in the most refined if inks (Â  And Write in Liquid Gold upon Thy Name; My Letters till Thy glory forth doth flame.) He continues by stating that no one should attempt to neither break down his endeavours nor laugh at his works. He applies to the lord to inspire his works and may glory be given to the lord who may have mercy to all those that are looking down at his works of praise (Nor laugh Thou them to scorn but pardon give). For if glory is given then it will last (Thy dust shall live.) And that the people should be careful not to scorn at the short coming of his works as they are still part of his works. (They being Slips slipped from Thy Crumb of Dust.) Edw ard as the crump of dust seeks God( the mountain) to guide him so that he can show case his prowess and give praise and glory to the almighty god (the last stanza)In the last three stanza for Ann Bradley, she looks back at the ancient Greeks who were mild in there treatment of there women but they are still pretenders (Else of our sex why feigned they those Nine). To her Greeks are Greeks and that men should stop waging wars to prove to the women as they have an advantage and they will always excel, all that women are seeking from the men is some respect and acknowledgement for all that they do( Yet grant some small acknowledgement of ours) For even the birds that fly the skies fly high but catch their prey and that men can stop looking down the women achievements then women achievement including her works is bound to bring more wealth to the men by simply acknowledging them.( last stanza) . To conclude both writers are looking at the art of writing as a means of fulfilling there de sires. For Ann Acknowledgement from men and for Edward praise to the lord.

Division of labor in a Household Essay -- essays research papers

Division of labor in a Household   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The division of labor in the household hold depends on the environment. Society creates gender ideology that affects the roles women and men take on in the household. In The Second Shift by Arlie Russell, she states three different ideologies of gender. There is the traditional, transitional and egalitarian ideology that determines what sphere men and women want to identify with, home sphere or work sphere. However, it depends what kind on the time period and society you live in that determines the â€Å"norm† gender ideology, which affects the division of labor in a household. The society, which affected the Mendoza and Ortega family that I have observed and interviewed, constructs views of the appropriate roles for men and women in the family devotion schema. Historical   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An important period of United States history that affected the division of household labor was during the earlier industrial revolution. Before the industrial revolution in America, men and women work in the farm; it was a private family farm that both men and women worked. So around the 1830’s these farms were taking over by corporation, and during this time there was a growth of factories, trades and business in the new cities of America, which attracted men and women away from the farm life. However, there was a transition in economy of America, which affected men and women, but it affected them differently. The jobs that men were receiving were different from what women were getting. â€Å"In 1860, most industrial workers were men.† While, men where working in factories women where working in more domestic jobs, but only 15% of women were working for paid. Hence, most women stayed at home to take care of the second shift, housework. When men star ted working in factories and women working in domestic jobs, this change the way people lived, especially family life. Now men are leaving their homes, where they use to work as farmers, to city to work, while women primary stay at home to work. During this time period, the lives of men where changing more drastically, but women identity was still identifying with the home, while men were identifying with his paid work.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nowadays, women’s lives have changed significantly due to the expansion of jobs that have gave women more opportu... ...n working, still the women were the one who did most of the housework. The placement of living also had an affect on their lives as well. As a native New York, the part of queens the Ortega family lives, would be consider as â€Å"suburbs† and the part of Brooklyn, the Mendoza family live in would be considered as the urban. Their surroundings affected their affirmation of their choice of gender ideology. In Queens, most women were stay-at-home mothers and expected the man to provides the finical needs. Sherry affirmed her notion of traditional mothers by giving examples of her neighbors to state that it’s the â€Å"norm† to take at home and take care of your children. On the other hand, Gen lived in an area where most of the mothers worked outside the homes. She stated that today, â€Å"women should not identify herself with only the home, but with the labor force as well.† Both families’ neighbor encouraged them to believe in their gender ideologies, which had some contradiction between what a person said they believed, their gender ideologies and what they actual did in the second shift. The Mendoza and Ortega family had one person, the wife/mother, doing more of the second shift, housework.

Reye Syndrome :: essays research papers

Reye Syndrome Reye Syndrome is an extremely rare, non-contagious disease thought to be triggered by aspirin use. The actual origin of the disease is unknown. Reye's Syndrome, occasionally called Reye-Jacobsen's Syndrome, is known to follow any viral infection. Two of the most common viral infections it precedes is influenza, â€Å"the flu†, and chicken pox. A now-familiar warning on bottles of aspirin, most notably Tylenol, is not to give Tylenol to a child who is recovering from the chicken pox, a fever, or any other viral infection. The link between aspirin and Reye's Syndrome and is not fully understood, but all reported cases of Reye's Syndrome include a child who has received aspirin before infection. Symptoms of Reye's Syndrome may often be mistook for a recurrence of the flu, or extreme exhaustion. These symptoms include vomiting, confusion, lack of coordination, distorted balance, irritability, a stupor-like state, and a recent infection from a viral illness. The symptoms often begin with vomiting and progress to a stupor and near comatose state. This disease is often found in young children and infants. Over sixty percent of reported Reye's Syndrome cases occur in children under the age of sixteen, with the majority of these cases being in children under six. Although less than five percent of Reye's Syndrome cases occur in people over the age of sixty, the elderly are often the most severely affected, due to old age and weakening immune systems. Infants, while hindered by their young age, can often fight the infections of Reye Syndrome better, for reasons doctors do not yet fully understand. The severity of Reye's Syndrome is classified on a scale of 1-5, with one and two being the onset of symptoms and four and five being the most severe, with the patient being comatose. With the most severe of Reye's Syndrome cases, internal fluid builds up in the brain and there is irreversible brain damage or even death. While the disease is not often fatal, it is essential to treat the disease early. Reye's Syndrome is not contagious, but the diseases that can lead to, such as the flu, and chicken pox, are highly communicable. The first case of Reye's Syndrome was diagnosed in 1963. Looking back into medical journals, there were many â€Å"mystery illnesses† that had the same symptoms as Reye's Syndrome, but no cases were positively diagnosed as being Reye Syndrome until this date. The definitive tests for this disease are a liver biopsy and blood analysis. The liver biopsy can help determine the presence of fat and lipid formation in the liver. Upon surgical examination, the liver is slightly enlarged, firm, and bright yellow.

Descartes Third Meditation: Proof of Gods Existence Essay -- essays re

Descartes' Third Meditation: Proof of God's Existence In Rene Descartes Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes is seeking to find a system of stable, lasting and certain knowledge, which he can ultimately regard as the Truth. In his methodical quest to carry out his task, Descartes eventually arrives at the proverbial fork in the road: how to bridge the knowledge of self with that of the rest of the world. Descartesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ answer to this is to prove the existence of God. The purpose of this essay will be to state and explain Descartes' Third Meditation: Proof of God's Existence by identifying relevant concepts and terminology and their relationship to each other and examining each premise as well as the conclusion of the proof and finally to comment on the significance of the proof in the context of the Evil Genius assumption. In order to begin explaining the meaning and significance of Descartes' Third Meditation Proof of God's Existence, I feel that it is very important to define the terms and concepts that he uses in t he meditation and the terms and concepts that I will be using throughout the paper. The first of these concepts deals with kinds of reality. By this I am concerned with reality's relationship to the mind. The two kinds of reality introduced are subjective and formal. Subjective reality involves those things which are mind dependent, more commonly thought of as ideas. It is an object which possesses both discernible and tangible characteristics capable of being verified by all those who observe it, even without previous knowledge of such objects. It should also be noted that objects of formal reality are generally the cause of objects of subjective reality. The second concept I will examine in order to fully appreciate Descartes' Third Meditation Proof of God's Existence concerns Degrees of Reality. By this I mean a ranking of the representative qualities of either kind of reality. The lowest degree of reality deals with accidents and modifications, things which are characteristics or expressions of objects with a higher degree of reality. An example of this would be the individual holes and marks on the classroom ceiling. These characteristics cannot exists by themselves and are thus subject to the existence of things in the next highest degree of reality, that of substances. Substances are finite objects or ideas with conceivable limits. I... ...ere can only be room enough for one all powerful being and if in fact God is that being than that leaves no room for another. Furthermore, since God possesses infinite goodness it would seem contrary to his nature to engage us in a continual deception based on either our apriori or aposteriori beliefs. In conclusion, Descartes' Third Meditation Proof of God's Existence represents a critical step in Descartes overall goal of obtaining a system of certain, lasting, and stable knowledge: that of using the existence of God to bridge the gap between knowledge of self and knowledge of the external world. In building this bridge I must first define the different kinds and degrees of reality and how they relate to one another. From this we are able to see the logic behind Descartes Causal Adequacy Principle, follow his second premise, and reach the same inevitable conclusion that Descartes does: that an infinite unbounded substance through which all conceivable qualities without end (i.e. God) must exists. For Descartes' this will lay the very foundation for him to expand beyond his limited thinking mind and begin to explore the very depths of the universe in his quest to find the Truth.

First Ice Story

â€Å"Ok I'll pick you up at nine† â€Å"Thanks see ya later† As she hangs up the phone her mother lightly taps on the door to her room. She strolls in with a mixed look of worry and annoyance on her face. She takes an almighty breath waiting for the inevitable argument she is about to have with her mother. â€Å"Ok I'll pick you up at nine† â€Å"Thanks see ya later† As David puts the phone down he feels a small drop of sweat trickle down the side of his face. He decides to open the window and as he does so a numbing blast of freezing winter air thrusts through the open window. Whilst David is checking the local cinema listings for a film that he and Louise can watch, the first snow flake of winter falls to the ground outside the house nestling on a fallen leaf instantly melting and running onto a small spider that is hiding from the cold trying to keep warm. The room lights up suddenly from the TV set, the curtains drawn, and the cat fed and watered, Louise locks the door and continues down her garden path. Suddenly Louise slips on an unforeseen ice patch, snapping on of the heels of her shoe, she knew wearing high heels was going to be a bad choice! David climbed into his car and turned the heaters on so that when Louise got in it would be nice and warm. This was David's first car, a Ford Escort and it was his pride and joy, his baby that he looked after and cared for as if it had it owns life. Louise walks down the slippery side path and ahead of her she notices a small group of boys, no older than 14 or 15, she thinks shall I go another way? But decides she will be fine. As she approaches them one boy notices her walking their way and alerts his mates to her presence. As she gets closer she realises they were much older than she first thought. At about 6ft tall a piece the boys began to spread out as she got closer. Being polite Louise says thank you ands walks by but she feels a sudden grab of her arm and a freezing shock shoots all over her body. David tears down the country lanes heading for Louise, although he doesn't know what was happening to her, he can almost feel that all is not right. Not far now until he is with Louise, the speedometer increasing rapidly. What he doesn't notice is the police car slowly catching up with him, sirens blaring until David quickly checks his mirrors and notices the blue flashing light. Two things go through his mind, â€Å"Do I stop?† Or â€Å"Do I get to Louise and face the consequences later?† Unfortunately he chooses to wrong thought as he sped up to 75mph in a 30 mph zone. The inevitable happens. David collides with a parked car as he flies round a blind corner, he dies on impact. Louise struggles away from the group of boys and runs as fast as she can, aware of an ambulance screeching past her. Louise could hear the muffled sound of the ambulance radio and hears the words David and Ford Escort. She panics and gets her mobile out to call him, but her phone is dead. Heart racing she runs down the street to the nearest phone box puts the money in, dials the number only to have a man answer the phone. The man explains he is a police officer and David was involved in a fatal car accident. Her face turns as pale as a ghost, her hands a cold as ice and her legs turn to jelly as she replaces the receiver. She falls to floor huddles up in the corner of the phone booth sobbing and wondering what she has done to deserve this pain she was now suffering.

World Cities and Sustainable Development

humans Cities and sustainable DevelopmentSubject Sub-divided wholes in Hong Kong ( 1487 words )Hong Kong has been celebrated for its sky-high keeping m peerlesstary value which has been a repair to both the policy shapers and the populace in recent old ages. Apart from the unaffordable attribute financial values, Hong Kong in any event faces social issues alike(p) the sub-divided unit of measurements, accidents such(prenominal) as the 2011 Fa Yuen Street run off 1 and the prostration edifice at Ma Tau Wei Road 2 in 2010 have roused general consciousness towards the issue.In this essay, I will foremost modernize the relationship between living accommodations and sustainable teaching. Then I will indicate the traffics of sub-divided units in Hong Kong and its influence on residents bore of bearing. Fin tout ensembley, I will measure the expose challenges confront by the Hong Kong housing effectiveness in turn toing the housing line of productss.sustainable in habit dramas an of import function in sustainable development. Harmonizing to theSustainable admit indemnityissued by the united Nations homosexual Settlements Program ( UN-Ha importat ) in 2012, lodging is one of the basic standards to mensurate the prize of life-time of people, which besides connect to environmental, societal, pagan and economic facets in the association 3 . The construction of lodging creates a extensive influence on both the live and future coevalss due to the life-long lastingness of edifices.Housing besides requires a considerable subject matter of earthy resources, such as H2O, galvanizingity, republic and edifice stuffs as input, where lodging produces sewerage, municipal solid waste and other sorts of pollution that create damaging impact to the natural environment. Hence, sustainable lodging is the key to decease a measure frontward sustainable development.UN-Habitat defined sustainable lodging as genuinely sustainable houses argon those that be inclusive and kickoff-cost for alland insofar affordability is non plenty, because the alleged low-cost maculation send away non be considered sustainable if they create negative impacts on the environment or societal life. 4 Harmonizing to the US-based consultancy Demographia, Hong Kong ranks the first among 360 metropoliss for the most unaffordable lodging for the 4th consecutive twelvemonth. Hong Kongs one-year average family income is merely one-fifteenth of the average place monetary value, in that locatingfore being rated as severely unaffordable . 5 In 2013 form _or_ system of government cut across 6 , lodging works class-conscious foremost in the governments precedence, in particular aimed at helping the grassroots into public lodging and in-between kin households to family ownership. 7 However, the job could non be solved nightlong, the increasing figure of sub-divided units suggested that the potential failed to help the grassroots and in-betw een home households in run intoing their basic demands to matter over the poorness job. After the Fa Yuen Street implode and the collapsed edifice incident at Ma Tau Wei Road, condom of sub-divided units has raised the public concern.Among all lodging jobs, the state of affairs of sub-divided units is critical. The life environment of these sub-divided units ar by and outstanding little in size, but are poplar because of their affordability.Harmonizing to a research conducted by the University of Hong Kong, to the highest degree 63 % of sub-divided units occupants lived at units which coarse are less than 160 sq. pes, where the smallest unit is most 70 sq. pes. Respondents reviewed that they were discontented round their life environment, particularly in terminate safety, air circulation and warranter. Over two-third of the respondents stated that there were jobs such as H2O escape, home base exposure, concrete spalling and mussy electric wires, which imposed psychologi cal force per unit area to them as they were worried about the buildings construction of their units particularly after the incidents. 8 The study besides stated that occupants were worried about their security in the sub-divided units, virtually 44 % reviewed that stealing occurred in their unit, followed by robbery ( 33 % ) , drugs covering ( 29 % ) , incendiarism ( 25 % ) and sex discourtesies ( 22 % ) .In footings of societal life, merely 5 % of occupants were familiar with their neighbours and kept up(p) a friendly relationship with each(prenominal) other, epoch 60 % of respondents were non familiar or did non acknowledge their neighbours. At the same clip, approximately 77 % of occupants did non fall in or affect in any community activities. 9 Over half of the sub-unit occupants reflected that their superlative want is to acquire a public lodging colony, one-third wished to better their life environment. Further more, the greatest concern of the occupants is the saniti zation job of the life environment, followed by security and the safety of the buildings construction. In footings of psychological well-being, occupants reflected that they were worried about the lifting rent and a great deal felt laden due to the destine and bantam life status. These jobs of sub-divided units have been earnestly impacting the residents quality of life as they struggled rugged to keep a life. 10 Furthermore, the great deal of occupants felt detached, unhappy and have low sense of properties to the society as they seldom communicate with each other and rarely involved in their community, which would impact their physiologic well-being. In footings of life environment, they were discontent about the sanitation and safety jobs, and the bulk wished to fit into the public lodging every bit shortly as possible.There are three challenges faced by the Hong Kong Housing Authority in turn toing the job of sub-divided units.First, Hong Kong faces the job of limited e state of the realm issue. directly 23 % of land has been development, and 7 % is allocated for residential land usage. The deficit in land supply will further take to the lifting monetary value of place monetary values. 11 To turn to this job, re modernal is a great deal used since the 1970s. 12 In 2013, development curate Paul Chan Mo Po even suggested constructing estate by uncluttering an clownish in the state park 13 or construct places on the play nine site, 14 these steps and suggestions faced strong expostulation in the society.Second, the authorities failed to take the belongings monetary values. under the sky-high belongings monetary values, the authorities eventually attempted to interfere the marketplace by presenting the dual cast responsibilities to give up the state of affairs. 15 However, the program failed to command the belongings monetary values and the belongings monetary values in Hong Kong reached new highs in August 2014, entering the high est belongings monetary value in Hong Kongs history. 16 Third, the job of sub-divided units jobs involved the clip of diverse governments and the division of duties is non clearly defined. Therefore, different sections may decline to take the duties. The job non merely related to edifice and beset safety, but besides other issues such as edifice direction job, urban reclamation job and lodging job. 17 Sustainable lodging should non be metrical merely in footings of affordability, and should means more than a roof over ones caput. A sustainable lodging system should be able to supply abode with equal basic substructure, privateness, infinite, handiness, safety, security, dependability, sanitation and waste-management installations, suited environmental quality, accessible location to make basic installations and work topographical point, accessible and equity transit system, while all these standards should be brought with low-cost monetary value. 18 These factors are what H ong Kong presently leave out and should be taking into history in doing lodging policies and determinations.Mention 2011-12 polity care for Policy Address. 2011-12 Policy Address Policy Address. 12 Oct. 2011. Web. 13 Dec. 2014. & lt hypertext shipping communications communications protocol //www.policyaddress.gov.hk/11-12/eng/p190.html & gt . 2013 Policy Address by gaffer Executive ( 3 ) . 2013 Policy Address by Chief Executive ( 3 ). Hong Kong Government Press Release. Web. 13 Dec. 2014. & lt hypertext careen protocol //www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201301/16/P201301160282.htm & gt . tell Park Carve-up the Worst of All bring down Options. southern chinaware break of day Post. 25 Sept. 2013. Web. 13 Dec. 2014. & lt hypertext air protocol //www.scmp.com/attribute/hong-kong-china/article/1311176/country-park-carve-worst-all-land-options & gt . Easing of Double printing Duty Another Example of Leung s Failed Housing Policy. South China sunup Post. 16 May 2014. Web. 13 Dec. 2014. & lt hypertext alter protocol //www.scmp.com/ chit chat/insight-opinion/article/1512772/easing-double-stamp-duty-another-example-leungs-failed & gt . debark purpose in Hong Kong. Land Utilization in Hong Kong. Planning Department, 16 July 2014. Web. 13 Dec. 2014. & lt hypertext transfer protocol //www.pland.gov.hk/pland_en/info_serv/statistic/landu.html & gt .Li, Yiu-wa. Public term of a contract Housing for Young People. ( 2012 ) .HKU Scholars Hub. Web. 12 Dec. 2014. & lt hypertext transfer protocol //hdl.handle.net/10722/174578 & gt .Li, Yvonne. Hong Kong Ranks World s No 1 for most Unaffordable Housing. Property. South China Morning Post, 22 Jan. 2014. Web. 12 Dec. 2014. & lt hypertext transfer protocol //www.scmp.com/property/hong-kong-china/article/1410730/hong-kong-ranks-worlds-no-1-most-unaffordable-housing? scalawag=all & gt .Mok, Siu-fan. Searching for Improvements An Evaluation of the effectuality of the Public Rental Housing Policy in Hong Kong since 1998. HKU Scholars Hub. Web. 12 Dec. 2014. & lt hypertext transfer protocol //hdl.handle.net/10722/131428 & gt .Ngai, Edward. Defying Gravity Hong Kong Property Prices Reach new-fangled Highs. The Wall Street Jorunal. China current Time Report RSS, 8 Aug. 2014. Web. 13 Dec. 2014. & lt hypertext transfer protocol //blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime/2014/08/08/defying-gravity-hong-kong-property-prices-reach-new-highs/ & gt . Paul Chan Should bring to His Plan for Homes on Golf union Site. South China Morning Post. 13 Sept. 2013. Web. 13 Dec. 2014. & lt hypertext transfer protocol //www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1308854/paul-chan-should-revive-his-plan-homes-golf-club-site & gt . Reclamation Is One Option. South China Morning Post. 24 Apr. 2013. Web. 13 Dec. 2014. & lt hypertext transfer protocol //www.scmp.com/comment/ garner/article/1221671/reclamation-one-option & gt .South China Morning Post. Police release more images of send word suspects. 5 Dece mber2011. PrintSustainable Housing for Sustainable Cities. Nairobi, Kenya United Nations Human Settlements Programme ( UN-Habitat ) , 2012. Print.Wong, Man-kin, James. Domestic Sub-divided Unit of measurements in Urban Areas in Hong Kong A instruction of Policy Problems and Solutions. ( 2012 ) .HKU Scholars Hub. Web. 12 Dec. 2014. & lt hypertext transfer protocol //hdl.handle.net/10722/184387 & gt .Youth Hong Kong Editorial Team. Housing Dilemmas break off the Young aFuture. Education Post. 17 Jan. 2014. Web. 13 Dec. 2014.& lt hypertext transfer protocol //www.educationpost.com.hk/resources/ youth/140117-housing-dilemmas-give-the-young-a-future & gt .Yuen, Ming, and Joy Lu. HK Building Collapse Kills trey Two Missing. HK Building Collapse Kills 3 Two Missing. China Daily, 30 Jan. 2010. Web. 13 Dec. 2014. & lt hypertext transfer protocol //www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2010-01/30/content_9401882.htm & gt . ???aY-a?e?Sa?-a?ec c . a?esa?Saa?aaa e?a?c?aaa?aa?c . eaa?cae? ac ca?aa?S ??c-aaa?e?aa , 11 Mar. 2011. Web. 13Dec. 2014. & lt hypertext transfer protocol //www.cityu.edu.hk/hkhousing/r & A c/ssp_last.pdf & gt .1

Cowboys and Cattlemen Essay

The United States as a nation is of all time changing. The U. S. population is growing each year, and the opposite types of paganalities go forward to flood into the coun probe intrusive for the Ameri rear end aspiration. However, how some(prenominal) mess actu both(prenominal)y hang this dream break down a reality? The solve to that is incredibly disheartening and was variety show surface harder to hold back in the earlier years of Americas history. Unless you were a white male in the late 1800s to 1900s, the Ameri plunder Dream was exactly that a dream.This failed ideal divulgehouse be explored through the discrepancy expressed in that of race, gender, and division through kayoed American history, specifically during the duration of cowboys and oxenmen. Additionally, much(prenominal) injustices can be portrayed in todays debauched forage diligence with the clambers of the employer to employee. Comparing and contrasting cowboys with kinemen and trea trs with employees will demonstrate how such issues come into affect. In order to express the in adjoinity faced within the trimforce between cowboys and oxenmen, the minimize of their field of work, who did the work, and their differences need to be taken into account.When the Conquistadors came to the Americas in the 16th century they brought their cattle and cattle- aggrandisement techniques with them. Huge let d witness grants by the Spanish government that was part of the hacienda system, al crusheded breakstanding(a) numbers of animals to roam freely over vast atomic number 18as (Wikipedia)1. Numerous traditions developed that often related to the overlord location in Spain. For example, the Vaquero tradition of Fed whilel Mexico was to a strikinger extent organic, developed to adapt to the characteristics of the region from Spanish sources by cultural interaction between the Spanish elites and the native and mestizo mints (Wikipedia).As settlers from the United Stat es stir up west, they brought cattle breeds from the east coast and Europe and adapt their management to the drier commonwealths of the west by borrow key elements of the Spanish vaquero culture (Wikipedia). From 1865-1900, raising cattle was the most prominent chore plant in the western United States. The Homestead pretend of 1862 guideed more settlers to come west and set up farms. This is because the Homestead Act gave some unmatched the baron to own farm reason for no cost at all however, the just now requirement needed was proof that the land had improved during the time of proprietorship.Therefore, it was very low-cal to obtain land, but improving it was the biggest challenge. Ranching is a toilsome task of raising grazing livestock such as cattle for meat. The owners of these lands known as cattlemen had to grade time in farming and raising crops such as hay and grains for feeding their animals to produce a profit. The cattle would go from the counterpane to th e trail, to the slaughterhouse, and eventually be distributed through complete America. But who ar the muckle freighter the scenes that shew and break the cattle or horses, and who does all the work on the ranch?Cowboys. Cowboys were the workers on the ranch who helped maintain it. Cowboys strived toward becoming men and they viewed the title of world a man based upon the masculinity shown. Cowboys demonstrate their masculinity in terms of their skills on the job, their withstand over their work conditions, and their ability to net individual decisions. Even in their time of leisure, they excuse would do things to prove their masculinity such as gamble, drink, fight, and fumble in sexual pleasures with prostitutes.In the book, Cowboys and Cattlemen by Jacqueline Moore, she explains how Anglo cowboys recognize skill regardless of people of colour, which provided exceptional men former(a) than whites a chance to gain respect (Moore)2. However, a majority of the hard w ork was left to the Mexican or black cowboys. Thats why numerous black cowboys were so experient in the more difficult argonas of work such as open frame bulls because they were obligate to do it the majority of the time. Today, numerous industries akin the warm diet industriousness employ people considered as the disdain class.It is not common to qualifying into a McDonalds and see Donald Trump on the job(p) the cash in register. Cowboys are seen as these cut back class people and it so happens people of color both in this time and today are still assay to climb out of the lower class and into high economic standing. Moore goes on to argue that cattlemen trusted the allegiance of their black cowboys and would often move over them carry out sen rallyive mislayions, such as guarding large sums of specie while on the trail (Moore). However, cowboys of color, despite their ability to gain respect with their amazing skill level, were still not able to run cattlemen th emselves.Many cowboys for that publication didnt remain much room to improve, which is why the relationships the cowboys had with one an opposite were so strong. Many of the cowboys werent ashamed to show affection towards each other because these relationships were the most important in their lives. The death of a friend was al routes the worst tragedy. Furthermore, many of these friendships seemed to be more than superficial. People questioned them because the cowboys bunked together which created chances for sexual relationships.To continue with their intimate relationship woes, these men had a operose time attracting the more respectable women, who unremarkably deplorable for cattlemen because they were more fiscally stable (Moore). This lead to the cowboys encounters with prostitutes. non many cowboys, for that matter, were married, and if they did get married it usually meant their calling was over. To make matters worse, towns began to find ways to drive outgoing c owboys by prohibiting guns and fining, arresting, and punishing them on the job which forced them to comply with the regulation of their public leisure.Discredited at work and in leisure, cowboys seemed more and more fringyized, out of step with the rest of American society (Moore). though cowboys of color were respected for their skill and, to an extent, racially tolerant, racism was still prevalent within society and in their work. Racism was not however existent during the era of Martin Luther mogul Jr. and the historic Civil Rights Movement, which was steered toward interruption color barriers in the Solid South, but it was seen as early as the times of the trail and cattle ranching. It affected the lives of the workers.People of color and women both were victims of discrimination. Women especially had no say in the way of life history of the ranch because their opinion was not taken into account. The job of a women consisted of solitary(prenominal) three things. One rais e the children, two do all the housework such as cooking cleaning and laundry amongst other daily household chores, and three handle financial situations such as doing the bills and buying groceries. There were cowgirls however, their stories arent heard because there were very few and womens cattle raising positions at the time were irrelevant.Prostitutes were even more greatly degraded because of their less than condonable lifestyle. On the ranch, cowboys of color had no chance of becoming cattlemen. washcloth Anglo cowboys had a slim chance but colored person cowboys had even fewer. This is because these nonwhite races were seen as not sufficiently evolved to discover true manhood. Segregation between white cowboys and nonwhite cowboys was in like manner consistent on many ranches during this period. For example, Anglo cowboys ate with the owner while Mexicans would camp out with the herds.Such sequestration and discrimination didnt allow women or nonwhites to move up in the companionable class. Cowboys in ordinary, if born(p) into a cowboy family, were destined to be that and that only. exemption for cowboys is a myth. Ultimately, cowboys were simply employees and lost what independence they had in their field of work. Cattlemen on the other hand had easy living. Cattlemen usually obtained their position because their fathers in the first place them were. In a way, its like they were taking on the family business. hereditary pattern was a huge jump draw a bead on for many of the men.However, to fully rifle a cattleman, emphasis on being men to prove themselves was stressed. This was done with a proper education, the contribution they made towards society, and getting married. Marriages usually lead to gifts or property, which was also another mark of manhood. The jobs cattlemen did were similar to that of businessmen- they did whatever they could to make a profit. most(prenominal) of the successful cattlemen experimented with different types of breeding techniques and invested heavily in land. They even had other business interests outside of the cattle application (Moore)3.Cattlemen looked to socialize with people in the towns round them rather than just the men on the ranch. As towns grew, so did the development of associations and entertainments that the men had known sooner coming to town, and socializing with men of equal stipulation was more common (Moore). Nonwhite ranchers were nonexistent and those who were in lower classes would never be seen socializing with cattlemen unless it was on the ranch. Furthermore, the way ranchers carried themselves in public, and the economic stability they possessed allowed them to attract the more respectable women who were better suited to be housewives.Similarly, in order to chthonianstand the workforce of the closely regimen industry, background information about the industry needs to be taken into account. The fast viands industry goes hand in hand with the cattle in dustry. In Central America, nearly 40% of the land was cultivated to become pasture for cattle that would give cheap beef to North Americas fast victuals industry (Myers)4. Furthermore, the cattle elevated in Central America are elevated on grass, making the beef lean and only suitable for the fast victuals for thought trade (Myers). dissolute food has become in high submit because of its low prices and its gizmo of location. Its hard to miss these eating places because driving around in a metropolis you are guaranteed to see some of these consumer-crazed fast food chains on just about all corner. They can even be found in local retail stores, airports, and gas stations. Fast food is quicker than preparing family-cooked meals and gibe to the article, Convenience, Accessibility, and the Demand for Fast Food, fast food accounts for 35% of the total away-from-home food expenditures (Binkley, et al)5.Moreover, according to the same article, fast food chains ache an increas e in consumption when located in areas inhabited by African-Americans and Hispanics (Binkley, et al). Targeting low-income races with cheaply priced food allows this industry to continue to grow because those of low-income wont be consistently eating at a sit down restaurant ordering a meal for twenty dollars when they can order one at McDonalds for as low as four dollars. Price, accessibility, and convenience are major factors to the success of this industry.Similarly to the point previously made about the low socioeconomic standing of cowboys, a majority of the employees of the fast food industry are working class people. The working class is becoming only certain ethnic groups- Hispanics, African Americans, and both legal and illegal immigrants. erstwhile immigrants enter the U. S. they are placed in the lower class regardless if they puzzle been in the put class in their country of origin. These people of color are hard-working employees and have families.However, they still earn only tokenish wage after years of experience. Typically, these ast-food jobs are oriented to be temporary positions for teenagers who are look to make some extra cash before going to college. But it has become a social norm that its the job position of those who are living off a paycheck-to-paycheck basis, struggling to make ends meet. Jennifer Talwars book, Fast Food Fast footstep Immigrants, Big Business, and the American Dream, states, the fast food restaurant offered me a way to understand how different ethnic groups relate to each other in their take on to survive but also improve their circle at the bottom of the American urban economic system (Talwar). 6 Like the cowboys, workers in fast food become separated from the owners and higher-class society so they turn to the relationships of one another.However, unlike the cowboys who were unable to become cattlemen, employees of color in the fast food industry can become even owners of a McDonalds or Burger King for ex ample. correspond to Talwar, Phil Hagans an African American man started out as a burger five and later became an owner of four McDonalds restaurants in Houston, as he was able to climb the hierarchies (Talwar). 7Just because there is marginal room for improvement of a workers position in this area of work doesnt mean there is an absence of inequality. The fast food industry is a business built on the ideal of low prices resulting it in having to keep force and other operating costs to a minimum. According to the book, Labour Relations in the Global Fast-Food Industry, Royle and Towers explain that low wages, minimal benefits, tight staffing, and efforts to intensify pains are predictable due to competition environs (Royle and Towers). 8This allows employers to have control and does not allow workers to have a say in changing working conditions. Such factors are not subject to change and the issue of unionizing poses no threat to the fast food business. This is because major fa st-food companiesare employed by privilegees, many of whom own only a few restaurants or just one, like Phil Hagans (Royle and Towers). This fragments the workers not only physically but also to the extent that they are under different management. unionization is also unable to emanate due to the role technology plays in standardizing the work of fast-food crews.These new machines basically tell the employee when to proceed on to the next step of the routine of preparing a burger or fries, resulting in a minimization for the need of skilled workers. Furthermore, having an education is not needed to work for fast food places such as McDonalds because these jobs dont require higher-level skills. However, while fast-food work is generally enured unskilled, it is not easy to effect well and it can be hard and exhausting work, especially during crabbed periods (Royle and Towers). 9 Mangers have complete control over their workers, starting with the scheduling of the workers hours. It is also a way to keep employment costs down and can be used as a disciplinary system. For example, coach-and-fours can call in employees on their days off and have them work late hours. Cattlemen of the ranch had different tactics for maintaining control but the outcome was the same. Unionization is further challenged in the fast food industry because many unskilled workers are young teens that only see this type of work as a temporary position.According to Royle and Towers, only one trio of those employed by the industry actually try to turn it into a career (Royle and Towers). Cowboys needed to have specific skill sets such as travel horses, being able to round herds up the trail, and manage the farmland. Teens and those who work the oven and fryers dont need to have a specific skill set because each skill is specialized. It can be juxtaposed to an accumulation line where a worker will perform one task all day that requires low input of labor.Therefore, the value of work fr om cowboys compared to employees of the fast food industry is diminishing. As seen with managers and employees of the cattle industry of the past and fast food industry of today, the hierarchies of the workforce are evident and havent been drastically modified. On the ranch, a cowboy (especially one of color) couldnt become a cattlemen. In the fast-food industry a burger flipper can become an owner of his own franchise but, unless its handed down like a ranch from cattlemen to cattlemen, its an outrageous number of years to climb in rank.The hierarchy in a typical fast-food restaurant is as follows, from lowest job to highest crewmember, crew trainer, manager trainee, second and first assistant manager, associate and general manger, store supervisor, and finally owner. By the time a worker reaches the top theyll have white pig and be ready for retirement. Climbing the different levels isnt promising. Thats how owners of big industries want it. The higher class will continue to impr ove and gain wealth while the lower class will struggle to fight for a higher economic standing for the majority of their lives.Many workers wont ever obtain the life they thought they would achieve in a nation known to be the home of the free and the land of the brave and where an American Dream is possible. The United States needs to adapt to make lives easier for its people by giving health care, increasing minimum wage, and actually listening to the voices of the people who inhibit this great country. If the United States industries continue to suck the life out of their workers and have total control over every aspect of these laborers, then the ideology of being equal will be never be in existence.