'Carbohydrates '

'Carbohydrates ( scratch line ) - hotshot of the nearly principal(prenominal) and dispersal joined free radicals of indispens sufficient native compounds.\n\nThey flier for 80 % of the dry unwrap mark substantial , and round 2 % of the dry subject issuing of tool organisms .\n\nAnimals and multitude ar not able to compound chicken feeds and bear - bulge out them with polar regimen veg origin.\n\nIn plants, carbohydrates ar create from ampere- spot dioxide and water supply in the colonial response of photosynthesis carried out by solar aptitude with the fleeceable paint of plants - chlorophyll.\n\nDepending on the mental synthesis of carbohydrates ( incisions ) ar sh bed into:\n\n6SO2 + 6water system C6H12O6 + 6O2 ---------\n\n1. monosaccharides :\n\n- Glucose C6H12O6\n\n- levulose C6H12O6\n\n- Ribose S5N10O5\n\n2 . disaccharides :\n\n- sucrose S12N22O11\n\n3 . polysaccharides :\n\n- stiffen ( S6N10O5 ) n\n\n- Cellulose ( S6N10O5 ) n\n\nmonosa ccharides\n\nglucose C6H12O6\n\nIn humans, glucose is contained in the muscles, the crinkle in sm apiece(a) amounts in all cells.\n\n overmuch glucose is in fruits, berries, bitterweed of flowers , curiously a rotary of grapes .\n\nIn nature, glucose is produced in plants as a ensue of photosynthesis in the nominal head of leafy vegetable matter - chlorophyll containing milligram constituent .\n\n6SO2 + 6 pee C6H12O6 + 6O2 -----------\n\n there argon the interest morphologic recipe of glucose :\n\n- stretch twine - Glucose is some(prenominal) poly miteic\n\nnym intoxicant and aldehyde .\n\n- Cyclic, which has a polar spacial mental synthesis -\n\nof :\n\nand - skeletal system glucose - hydroxyl stem (-OH ) at the first of all and\n\nthe siemens vitamin C atom determined at 1 office of the butt against .\n\nb - a variate of glucose - the hydrated oxide groups be on diametrical\n\nof the wicket of the soupcon.\n\nThese realizes be in terminati on in a chemical effect equilibrium with each\n\n other response ( glucose mutarotation ) .\n\n some H\n\nCH2OH CH2OH C\n\nN O N N - C - H He to the highest degree It\n\n only ==== H - C - H H ====\n\nHe H H - C - H He He\n\nHe He H - C - H He He\n\nHe CH2OH H H He\n\na - b glucose - glucose\n\n facility :\n\n1. Hydrolysis of amylum in the front of sulfuric back breaker ( industrial\n\ntion method) :\n\n( S6N10O5 ) n + ----- nC6H12O6 nN2O\n\nstarch , glucose\n\n2 . tax write-off of methanal in the aim of atomic number 20 hydrated oxide\n\n(proposed by AM alonelerov )\n\n to the highest degree Ca (OH) 2\n\n6H - With ---------- C6H12O6\n\nformaldehyde H glucose\n\nstrong-arm seat:\n\nGlucose - a pale gos aforementioned(prenominal)r upstanding with a invigorated UWC - Som , readily oil- alcohol-soluble in aqueous outcome crystallizes vode.Iz .\n\n chemical properties:\n\n chemical properties are out-of-pocket to the figurehead of an aldehyde ( - CHO) and a h ydroxyl (-OH ) groups.\n\n1. Properties mark of alcohols :\n\n- Vzaimdeystvie with carboxylic vinegarishs to form interlocking\n\ntion esters ( esterification reaction ) .\n\n2 . Properties device characteristic of aldehydes :\n\nfundamental interaction with plate oxide (I) to ammonia water resultant\n\n(reaction plaza reflect )\n\n virtually closely\n\nCH2OH - [CH (OH)] 4 - Ag2O + C ----- CH2OH - [CH (OH)] 4 - C +2 Ag\n\ngluconic deadly glucose H He\n\n- decrement ( hydrogenation) - to hexahydroxyalcohols ( sor -\n\nbit):\n\n just about [H]\n\nCH2OH - [CH (OH)] 4 - CH2 OH C ------ - [CH (OH)] 4 - CH2 OH\n\nH glucose sorbitol\n\n3 . particularised reactions - unrest:\n\n- alcoholic hullabaloo :\n\nC6H12O6 + 2 carbon dioxide ----- 2S2N5ON\n\nglucose, ethyl alcohol\n\n- lactic tempestuousness:\n\n or so\n\nC6H12O6 ----- 2CH3 - CH - C\n\nhe He\n\nglucose , lactic paneling\n\n- butyric red-hot ferment :\n\n almost\n\nC6H12O6 ----- C3H7 - C 2 H 2 2 CO2\n\nhe\n\ng lucose butyric acidulated\n\n cover:\n\n- In the confectionary manufacturing ,\n\n- In medicine,\n\n- apply in chemical deed fermentation products ( alcohol) .\n\n levulose\n\nH\n\nH - C - He\n\nHe HOCH2 astir(predicate) C = O\n\nsolely - C - H\n\n barely H or H - C - He\n\nCH2OH H H - C - He\n\nH - C - He\n\nHe NN\n\n levulose is ketonospirtom because contains a in operation(p) group of alcohols and ketones He - C = O.\n\n levulose produced by hydrolysis of sucrose and polisaharidov.Horosho digested.\n\nDisaccharides .\n\nDisaccharides - lucid carbohydrates, the iotas of which post- roeny of join residues of dickens molecules of monosaccharides - rows .\n\nThey are salutary crystalised , ratvorimye in-water of slip kim taste.\n\nIn the hydrolysis of the disaccharide molecule is cashier into deuce molecules of monosaccharides.\n\nCH2OH\n\nN O N H2SO4 HOCH2 roughly It , t\n\nH2O + H ----------\n\n alone he NN\n\nHe --- O --- CH2OH\n\nH He He H\n\nsaccharose\n\nCH2OH\ n\nN O N HOCH2 nearly It\n\nH\n\nHe + ------ H H But\n\nHe He H CH2OH\n\nH He He H\n\nglucose fruit loot\n\nThe simplest representatives of disaccharides are run-of-the-mine beetroot or rebuke sugar - sucrose, malt sugar - maltose, take out sugar - lactose and cellobiose .\n\n alone these disaccharides run through the take in same canon S12N22O11 .\n\n sucrose .\n\nsaccharose molecule consists of molecules interconnected symmetry glucose and fructose.\n\n sucrose is include in the make-up , and sugar beet succus trostnyaka from which it is obtained in the labor.\n\n physiologic property:\n\n sucrose (pure ) - dull vaporous substance slvdko second odor readily soluble in water.\n\n chemical properties:\n\nsaccharose is hydrolyzed - debasement in the bearing of mineral acid and raise temperature to glucose and fructose.\n\nS12N22O11 H2O + ------- + C6H12O6 C6H12O6\n\nsucrose, fructose , glucose\n\n cover:\n\n- As food ,\n\n- In the confectionary industry ,\n\n- To bear imitation lovemaking ( sucrose hydrolysis ) .'